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Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Matter exists in three common states: solids, liquids, and gases. Each state has distinct physical properties based on particle arrangement and motion.

Solids​

  • Definite shape and volume
  • Particles are tightly packed and vibrate in place
  • High density and incompressible
  • Strong intermolecular forces hold particles together
  • Examples: Ice, diamond, metals

Liquids​

  • Definite volume, but indefinite shape
  • Particles are close but can move past each other
  • Moderate density and slightly compressible
  • Intermolecular forces are weaker than in solids
  • Examples: Water, ethanol, mercury

Gases​

  • Indefinite shape and volume
  • Particles are far apart and move freely
  • Low density and highly compressible
  • Minimal intermolecular forces
  • Examples: Oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide

Phase Transitions​

  • Melting: Solid → Liquid
  • Freezing: Liquid → Solid
  • Vaporization/Boiling: Liquid → Gas
  • Condensation: Gas → Liquid
  • Sublimation: Solid → Gas
  • Deposition: Gas → Solid

Importance​

  • Understanding states of matter is essential for thermodynamics, chemical reactions, and material science
  • Explains phenomena like diffusion, evaporation, and condensation

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